Sedation and analgesia include a continuum of states of consciousness ranging from minimal sedation (anxiolysis) to general anesthesia. Shown below are the definitions of levels of sedation as defined and adopted by the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA).
Minimal sedation: Also known as anxiolysis. A drug-induced state during which the patient responds normally to verbal commands. Cognitive function and coordination may be impaired. Ventilatory and cardiovascular functions are unaffected.
Moderate sedation/analgesia (conscious sedation): A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which the patient responds purposefully to verbal command, either alone or accompanied by light tactile stimulation. No interventions are necessary to maintain a patent airway. Spontaneous ventilation is adequate. Cardiovascular function is usually maintained.
Deep sedation/analgesia: A drug-induced depression of consciousness during which the patient cannot be easily aroused, but responds purposefully* following repeated or painful stimulation. Independent ventilatory function may be impaired. The patient may require assistance to maintain a patent airway. Spontaneous ventilation may be inadequate. Cardiovascular function is usually maintained.
General anesthesia: A drug-induced loss of consciousness during which the patient is not arousable, even to painful stimuli. The ability to maintain independent ventilatory function is often impaired. Assistance is often required in maintaining a patent airway. Positive pressure ventilation may be required due to depressed spontaneous ventilation or drug-induced depression of neuromuscular function. Cardiovascular function may be impaired.
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